These Website Terms of Use (these "Terms") govern your access to and use of the website located at www.okuglobal.com, including all of its pages and subdomains (the "Site"). The Site is operated by Oku Digital Health, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Oku," "we," "us," or "our"). In these Terms, "you" means the individual using the Site and, where the individual is using the Site on behalf of an organization, that organization.
PLEASE READ SECTION 19 CAREFULLY. IT REQUIRES THAT MOST DISPUTES BETWEEN YOU AND OKU BE RESOLVED BY FINAL AND BINDING ARBITRATION ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS, IT WAIVES YOUR RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN A CLASS ACTION AND TO A JURY TRIAL, AND IT EXPLAINS HOW YOU MAY OPT OUT OF ARBITRATION.
1. SCOPE OF THESE TERMS
1.1 This Site Only. These Terms apply only to the Site. Oku is part of a group of companies, and several of our affiliates operate their own websites. Those websites are governed by their own terms of use and privacy notices, not by these Terms, even where they link to or from the Site. We may extend these Terms to other websites in the future. If we do, we will update these Terms to identify the websites they cover.
1.2 Products and Services Not Covered. These Terms govern only your use of the Site as a source of information. They do not govern the purchase, license, or use of any product or service offered by Oku or its affiliates. Those products and services are provided only under a written agreement with the applicable Oku company. If these Terms conflict with such an agreement, the agreement controls.
1.3 Related Notices. Our Website Privacy Notice, available at https://www.okuglobal.com/privacy-notice, describes how we collect and use personal information through the Site, and our Cookie Notice, available at https://www.okuglobal.com/cookie-notice , describes our use of cookies and similar technologies. Those notices are provided for your information and are not part of these Terms. Our Accessibility Statement is available at https://www.okuglobal.com/accessibility-statement.
2. ACCEPTANCE AND ELIGIBILITY
2.1 Acceptance. By accessing or using the Site, you agree to these Terms. If you submit a form on the Site, register for a newsletter or webinar, or otherwise take an action on the Site that references these Terms, you also confirm your agreement to them. If you do not agree to these Terms, do not use the Site.
2.2 Use on Behalf of an Organization. If you use the Site on behalf of an organization, you agree to these Terms for yourself and, to the extent you are authorized to do so, for that organization.
2.3 Intended Audience. The Site is intended for healthcare professionals, healthcare organizations, life sciences companies, researchers, and other business audiences. It is not directed to patients or other individuals seeking information about their own health, and it is not directed to children. You must be at least 18 years old, or the age of majority in your jurisdiction if higher, to use the Site.
3. REGULATORY STATUS AND AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCTS
3.1 Availability Varies by Jurisdiction. The Site describes products and services that Oku and its affiliates offer or are developing. Regulatory requirements differ among countries and regions. A product or service described on the Site may not be cleared, approved, certified, registered, or otherwise authorized for sale or use in your jurisdiction, and it may be authorized in your jurisdiction only for certain intended uses. Some products and services described on the Site are under development or investigational. They are not available for sale in any jurisdiction until the required authorization has been obtained there.
3.2 No Offer or Promotion Where Not Authorized. Nothing on the Site is an offer to sell, a solicitation, a promotion, or a recommendation of any product or service, or of any particular use of a product or service, in any jurisdiction where that product, service, or use has not been authorized, or to any person to whom such an offer or promotion may not lawfully be made.
3.3 Use Only as Authorized. Any product of Oku or its affiliates may be used only in a jurisdiction where it is authorized, only for the intended use and indications for which it is authorized in that jurisdiction, and only in accordance with its labeling and instructions for use. Descriptions of products on the Site are general summaries. They are not labeling and do not replace the intended use statement, instructions for use, or other regulatory documentation that accompanies a product. If the Site and a product’s labeling differ, the labeling controls.
3.4 Performance Information. Statements on the Site about the performance, accuracy, or clinical results of a product describe results obtained under specific conditions, including specific study designs, populations, imaging devices, and workflows. Results in other settings may differ.
3.5 Questions and Product Concerns. Questions about whether a product or service is available in a particular jurisdiction should be directed to the website of the relevant product or service. To report a suspected adverse event or a problem with a product, refer to the adverse event reporting contact on the relevant website.
4. NOT MEDICAL ADVICE
4.1 General Information Only. Content on the Site is general information for professional and business audiences. It is not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and it is not a substitute for the independent clinical judgment of a qualified healthcare professional.
4.2 No Clinical Relationship. Your use of the Site does not create a physician-patient, provider-patient, or other clinical relationship between you and Oku or any of its affiliates.
4.3 Not for Emergencies. The Site is not designed for, and is not monitored for, urgent or time-sensitive communications. In a medical emergency, contact your local emergency services immediately.
4.4 Patients. If you are a patient with a question about your health or about a diagnostic service you received, contact your healthcare provider. Services provided to patients by Oku affiliates are described in the notices and terms issued by the company that provides them.
5. NO INVESTOR RELIANCE; NO OFFER OF SECURITIES
5.1 No Offer of Securities. Nothing on the Site constitutes an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any security of Oku, any of its affiliates, or any other person, in any jurisdiction. The Site is not a means of offering or soliciting any investment, and it is not directed to investors.
5.2 Not for Investor Reliance. Information on the Site is provided to describe Oku’s products, services, and activities to customers, prospective customers, partners, and the professional community. It is not intended for, and must not be relied on by, any current or prospective investor, lender, or other financial counterparty for any purpose, including in making any investment, lending, or other financial decision. The Site does not contain the information an investor would need to make such a decision and is not a substitute for that information. Oku makes no representation or warranty on the Site regarding its business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects, or those of any of its affiliates.
5.3 Offering Documents. Any offer of securities by Oku would be made only through definitive offering documents provided directly to eligible persons, and any reliance in connection with such an offer would be governed exclusively by those documents.
5.4 Information Speaks as of Its Date. Content on the Site speaks only as of the date it was published or last updated and may be out of date. Except as required by law, we have no obligation to update it.
6. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The Site may contain statements about our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions, including statements about product development, regulatory submissions and authorizations, the timing of product availability, and market opportunities. Words such as "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "potential," "will," and similar expressions identify these forward-looking statements. They are based on our current expectations and are not guarantees of future results. They are subject to risks and uncertainties, including the outcome of regulatory review, the results of clinical and scientific studies, market and competitive conditions, and other business developments, and actual results may differ materially. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we have no obligation to update them.
7. OKU MATERIALS AND DOWNLOADS
7.1 Oku Materials. "Oku Materials" means the text, graphics, images, video, documents, and downloadable materials that Oku makes available on the Site, including product overviews, descriptions of artificial intelligence tools, and articles authored by or for Oku.
7.2 General Information Only. Oku Materials are provided for general informational purposes and are subject to Section 3. Oku Materials may describe capabilities that are not available in every jurisdiction. Articles about research may discuss scientific findings, research-stage technologies, and potential future applications that have not been evaluated or authorized by any regulatory authority.
7.3 Limited License. Subject to these Terms, we grant you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable license to view the Site and to download and print Oku Materials that we make available for download, solely for your internal informational use or, if you use the Site on behalf of an organization, for that organization’s internal evaluation of our products and services. You may share an unmodified copy of downloadable Oku Materials within your organization for the same purpose, and you may quote brief excerpts with attribution in scholarly or professional commentary. You must keep all copyright and other proprietary notices on any copy. Any other copying, modification, distribution, or public display of Oku Materials requires our prior written consent.
8. RESEARCH RESOURCES AND THIRD-PARTY MATERIALS
8.1 Research Resources. The Site may include lists of, links to, and summaries of publications, articles, datasets, and other materials prepared by third parties concerning artificial intelligence, diagnostics, oculomics, and related fields ("Research Resources"). Research Resources are provided solely as a convenience for readers interested in the scientific literature.
8.2 No Endorsement or Verification. Research Resources are authored and published by third parties. Oku does not author, review, verify, or endorse them, including their methods, data, conclusions, or accuracy. Including a Research Resource on the Site is not an endorsement of that material, its authors, or any product it discusses, and omitting a Research Resource is not a judgment about it. Research Resources may be inaccurate, incomplete, superseded, corrected, retracted, or out of date, and we do not monitor them for changes.
8.3 AI-Generated Summaries. Summaries, descriptions, and other text accompanying Research Resources may be generated in whole or in part using artificial intelligence tools. AI-generated summaries may contain errors, omissions, or mischaracterizations of the underlying material. They are provided only to help you decide whether to consult the referenced source, and you should not rely on them. For any purpose for which accuracy matters, read and rely only on the referenced article or other source itself.
8.4 Scientific Information Only. Some Research Resources discuss investigational products, uses that have not been cleared or approved by any regulatory authority, or uses that differ from a product’s authorized intended use. They are included as scientific information for the research community. Their inclusion is not a promotion, recommendation, or suggestion by Oku or its affiliates of any such product or use, and it does not modify Section 3.
8.5 Third-Party Rights and Access. Research Resources remain the property of their authors and publishers. Your access to and use of any Research Resource is governed by the terms of the website or service that hosts it, which may require a subscription or payment.
9. NEWSLETTERS, WEBINARS, AND CAREERS
9.1 Newsletters and Registrations. If you subscribe to a newsletter or register for a webinar or event through the Site, we will use the information you provide as described in our Website Privacy Notice. You may unsubscribe from marketing communications at any time by following the instructions in each communication.
9.2 Webinars and Events. Webinars and virtual events may be hosted on third-party platforms, and your use of those platforms is governed by their own terms and privacy notices. Webinars may be recorded where we tell you so in advance. Views expressed by presenters who are not Oku personnel are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Oku. Presentations may discuss research-stage technologies or uses that are not authorized in every jurisdiction, and Sections 3 and 8.4 apply to that content.
9.3 Careers. Job openings are provided through a link to a third-party recruiting service. Applications submitted through that service are governed by its terms and by the applicable recruitment privacy notice, not by these Terms. The Oku company named in a job posting is the prospective employer for that position.
10. YOUR SUBMISSIONS
10.1 Do Not Submit Health or Confidential Information. Do not submit protected health information, any other health information about an identifiable individual, or any confidential or proprietary information through any form on the Site or to any email address published on the Site. The Site is not designed to receive that information. If you need to share confidential information with us, we will first put an appropriate agreement in place.
10.2 Accurate Information. Information you provide through the Site must be accurate, and you must have the right to provide it, including any contact information you provide about another person.
10.3 Feedback and Unsolicited Ideas. If you send us suggestions, ideas, proposals, or other feedback ("Feedback"), you agree that Feedback is not confidential, that we have no obligation to review, use, or compensate you for it, and that you grant Oku and its affiliates a perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, fully paid, sublicensable license to use, reproduce, modify, and otherwise exploit Feedback for any purpose. Any personal information included in Feedback will be handled as described in our Website Privacy Notice.
11. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
11.1 Ownership. The Site and the Oku Materials, including their design, text, graphics, and software, are owned by Oku, its affiliates, or their licensors and are protected by copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property laws. Except for the limited license in Section 7.3, no right, title, or interest in the Site or any Oku Materials is granted to you, whether by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, and all rights not expressly granted are reserved.
11.2 Trademarks. The Oku name, logos, and product and service names are trademarks of Oku or its affiliates. Other names, logos, and marks on the Site belong to their respective owners, and their appearance on the Site does not imply any endorsement or affiliation. You may not use any mark displayed on the Site without the prior written permission of its owner.
11.3 Linking to the Site. You may link to the home page or to other publicly available pages of the Site, provided that the link and the surrounding content do not suggest an endorsement by or affiliation with Oku that does not exist, are not misleading, and do not display the Site within a frame or otherwise alter its appearance. We may withdraw this permission at any time.
11.4 Copyright Concerns. If you believe that content on the Site infringes your copyright, please send a notice to legal@okuglobal.com identifying the work, the content you believe is infringing and its location on the Site, and your contact information.
12. ACCEPTABLE USE
12.1 Prohibited Conduct. You agree not to do, or attempt to do, any of the following:
- (a) use the Site in violation of any applicable law or regulation;
- (b) introduce any virus, malware, or other harmful code to the Site;
- (c) gain unauthorized access to the Site or any related system or network, or probe, scan, or test the vulnerability of the Site without our prior written authorization;
- (d) interfere with or disrupt the operation of the Site, including by imposing an unreasonable load on its infrastructure;
- (e) use any robot, spider, scraper, AI agent, or other automated means to access, copy, or collect content from the Site, except for indexing by general-purpose search engines in accordance with the Site’s robots.txt instructions;
- (f) use content from the Site to train, fine-tune, test, or otherwise develop any artificial intelligence or machine learning model, or for text and data mining, except to the extent that applicable law expressly permits it and does not allow that permission to be limited by contract;
- (g) frame or mirror any part of the Site, or remove or alter any copyright, trademark, or other proprietary notice on the Site or on any Oku Materials;
- (h) impersonate any person, misrepresent your affiliation with any person or organization, or submit false information through the Site; or
- (i) use the Site to send unsolicited commercial communications.
12.2 Reservation of Text and Data Mining Rights. Oku expressly reserves all rights to use the content of the Site for text and data mining, including for the purposes of Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790 and similar laws.
12.3 Reporting Security Vulnerabilities. If you believe you have found a security vulnerability in the Site, please report it to security@okuglobal.com and do not access, modify, or disclose any data.
13. THIRD-PARTY WEBSITES AND SERVICES
The Site contains links to websites and services that are not operated by Oku, including publishers, event and webinar platforms, and our recruiting service. We do not control those websites and services and are not responsible for their content, availability, security, or practices. Your use of them is governed by their own terms and privacy notices. Websites operated by Oku affiliates are governed by their own terms, as described in Section 1.1.
14. CHANGES TO AND SUSPENSION OF THE SITE
14.1 Changes to the Site. We may modify, suspend, or discontinue any part of the Site or its content at any time and without notice.
14.2 Suspension of Access. We may suspend or terminate your access to the Site at any time, including if we believe you have violated these Terms.
15. DISCLAIMERS
TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE SITE AND ALL CONTENT ON THE SITE, INCLUDING OKU MATERIALS, RESEARCH RESOURCES, AI-GENERATED SUMMARIES, AND THIRD-PARTY CONTENT, ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE," WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND. OKU AND ITS AFFILIATES DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, AND CURRENCY. WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE SITE WILL BE AVAILABLE, UNINTERRUPTED, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE, OR THAT THE SITE OR ANY DOWNLOAD IS FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN WARRANTIES, SO SOME OF THESE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
16. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
16.1 Excluded Damages. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, NEITHER OKU NOR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES, OR ANY OF THEIR RESPECTIVE DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, OR LICENSORS, WILL BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, OR FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFITS, REVENUE, DATA, OR GOODWILL, ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE SITE, ANY CONTENT ON THE SITE, OR THESE TERMS, UNDER ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THOSE DAMAGES.
16.2 Cap on Liability. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE TOTAL LIABILITY OF OKU AND ITS AFFILIATES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE SITE, ANY CONTENT ON THE SITE, OR THESE TERMS WILL NOT EXCEED ONE HUNDRED U.S. DOLLARS (US$100).
16.3 Exceptions. Nothing in these Terms excludes or limits any liability that cannot be excluded or limited under applicable law, including, where applicable, liability for fraud or for death or personal injury caused by negligence. Nothing in these Terms limits any right or obligation under a separate written agreement with an Oku company, which is governed by that agreement.
17. INDEMNIFICATION
To the extent permitted by applicable law, you will defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Oku, its affiliates, and their respective directors, officers, employees, and agents from and against any third-party claim, and any resulting loss, liability, damage, cost, or expense, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, arising out of your violation of these Terms, your misuse of the Site, or your violation of any law or the rights of any third party.
18. EXPORT CONTROLS AND SANCTIONS
You represent that you are not located or ordinarily resident in a country or region that is subject to comprehensive sanctions, and that you are not identified on, or owned or controlled by a person identified on, any restricted-party list maintained by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United Nations, Japan, or any other applicable authority. You will not use the Site, or export or transfer any content obtained from it, in violation of applicable export control or sanctions laws.
19. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND ARBITRATION
19.1 Informal Resolution First. Before starting an arbitration or court proceeding, the party raising a Dispute (defined in Section 19.2) must send the other party a written notice describing the Dispute, the relief requested, and the sender’s name and contact information. Notices to Oku must be sent to legal@okuglobal.com and 4225 Executive Square Unit 260, La Jolla, CA 92037. We will send notices to you using the contact information you have provided to us. The parties will then try in good faith to resolve the Dispute for 60 days after the notice is received. Completing this process is a condition to starting any arbitration or court proceeding, and any applicable limitations period is tolled while it is under way.
19.2 Agreement to Arbitrate. Except as provided in Sections 19.6, 19.7, and 19.9, any dispute, claim, or controversy between you and Oku or any of its affiliates arising out of or relating to the Site, any content on the Site, or these Terms, including their formation, interpretation, applicability, and enforceability (a "Dispute"), will be resolved exclusively by final and binding arbitration. The arbitrator will decide all questions of arbitrability, including the scope and enforceability of this Section 19, except that a court will decide any question concerning the validity or enforceability of Section 19.4 or the application of Section 19.5. The Federal Arbitration Act governs this Section 19.
19.3 Arbitration Procedure. The arbitration will be administered by the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") under its Commercial Arbitration Rules or, if you are an individual using the Site primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, its Consumer Arbitration Rules, in each case as in effect when the arbitration is started. The arbitration will be conducted by a single arbitrator. It will be conducted by videoconference or on written submissions unless the arbitrator determines that an in-person hearing is necessary, in which case the hearing will take place in Wilmington, Delaware or, if the Consumer Arbitration Rules apply, in the county where you reside. If the Consumer Arbitration Rules apply, Oku will pay the fees that those rules require the business to pay. The arbitrator may award any relief on an individual basis that a court could award under the law governing these Terms. The arbitration will be confidential, except as necessary to enforce an award or as required by law. Judgment on the award may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction.
19.4 Individual Claims Only; Waiver of Class Actions and Jury Trial. Disputes may be brought only in an individual capacity, and not as a plaintiff or class member in any class, collective, consolidated, or representative proceeding. The arbitrator may not consolidate the claims of more than one person or award relief on a class or representative basis. If a court determines that this Section 19.4 is unenforceable as to a particular claim or form of relief, then that claim or form of relief, and only that claim or form of relief, will be severed and decided by a court under Section 19.8, after the arbitration of all other claims is complete. YOU AND OKU EACH WAIVE ANY RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL IN ANY DISPUTE.
19.5 Coordinated Filings. If 25 or more demands for arbitration raising similar Disputes are filed against Oku by or with the assistance of the same or coordinated counsel or organizations, the AAA’s supplementary rules for mass arbitrations then in effect will apply. The parties will cooperate in good faith to resolve those demands efficiently, including through a bellwether process in which a limited number of demands are arbitrated first and the remaining demands are held, with filing and administrative fees for held demands deferred, until the bellwether arbitrations are complete. Any applicable limitations period is tolled for held demands.
19.6 Exceptions. Either party may bring an individual claim in small claims court if the claim qualifies. Either party may also seek injunctive or other equitable relief in court to protect its intellectual property rights or to stop unauthorized access to or misuse of the Site.
19.7 Right to Opt Out. You may opt out of this agreement to arbitrate by sending written notice to legal@okuglobal.com within 30 days after you first accept these Terms. Your notice must include your name, your contact information, and a statement that you are opting out of arbitration. Opting out does not affect any other provision of these Terms.
19.8 Court Proceedings. Any Dispute that is not subject to arbitration under this Section 19 will be brought exclusively in the state or federal courts located in New Castle County, Delaware, and you and Oku each consent to the personal jurisdiction of those courts.
19.9 Consumers Outside the United States. If you are a consumer residing in the European Union, the European Economic Area, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, or another jurisdiction whose laws do not permit pre-dispute arbitration agreements or class action waivers to be enforced against consumers, or that give consumers the right to bring claims in their local courts, Sections 19.2 through 19.8 do not apply to you to that extent, and you may bring a Dispute in the courts where you reside as permitted by those laws.
19.10 Changes to This Section. If we make a material change to this Section 19, the change will not apply to any Dispute for which a notice under Section 19.1 was sent before the change took effect. You may reject a material change to this Section 19 by sending notice to privacy@okuglobal.com within 30 days after the change takes effect, in which case the version of this Section 19 that applied before the change will continue to govern your Disputes.
19.11 Time Limit. To the extent permitted by applicable law, any Dispute must be started within one year after the claim arises. Otherwise, the claim is permanently barred.
20. GOVERNING LAW
These Terms and any Dispute are governed by the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to its conflict of laws principles, except that the Federal Arbitration Act governs Section 19. This choice of law does not deprive you of the protection of any mandatory provision of the law of the country where you reside that cannot be waived by agreement.
21. CHANGES TO THESE TERMS
We may update these Terms from time to time. We will post the updated Terms on the Site with a new version number and effective date, and we will provide a prominent notice on the Site of any material change. Updated Terms take effect on the effective date stated in them, and your continued use of the Site after that date means that you accept them. Changes to Section 19 are also subject to Section 19.10.
22. GENERAL
22.1 Entire Agreement. These Terms are the entire agreement between you and Oku regarding the Site. A separate written agreement with an Oku company governs its own subject matter, as described in Section 1.2.
22.2 Severability. Except as provided in Section 19.4, if any provision of these Terms is held unenforceable, that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permitted and the remaining provisions will remain in effect.
22.3 No Waiver. Our failure to enforce any provision of these Terms is not a waiver of our right to enforce it later.
22.4 Assignment. You may not assign or transfer these Terms. We may assign these Terms to an affiliate or to a successor to our business.
22.5 Affiliates and Third Parties. Oku affiliates may rely on and enforce Sections 10.3, 11, 15, 16, 17, and 19. No other person has any rights under these Terms.
22.6 Electronic Communications. You agree that notices, disclosures, and other communications we provide electronically, including by posting on the Site or by email, satisfy any legal requirement that they be in writing.
22.7 Interpretation. Headings are for convenience only. The word "including" means "including without limitation." If we provide a translation of these Terms, the English version controls to the extent permitted by law.
22.8 Survival. Sections 5, 6, 8, 10.3, 11, and 15 through 22 survive any suspension or termination of your access to the Site.
23. CONTACT US
Questions about these Terms may be sent to Oku Digital Health, Inc., 4225 Executive Square Unit 260, La Jolla, CA 92037, or to legal@okuglobal.com. Legal notices, including notices under Section 19, must be sent to the addresses stated in Section 19.1.