Retinal vascular signs as screening and prognostic factors for chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current evidence

AI Generated Summary*

Retinal microvascular signs were examined as markers of prevalent and incident chronic kidney disease in a pooled review of 42 eligible reports, mostly cross-sectional (32), alongside nine prospective cohorts and one retrospective study, identified through PubMed, Embase and cross-referencing. Quality scoring rated 22 at low, 11 at moderate and 9 at high risk of bias, and only six reports entered four pooled analyses. Retinopathy tracked with end-stage renal disease (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.22) and with prevalent CKD generally (OR 1.31, 1.14 to 1.50) and in type 2 diabetes (OR 1.68, with notable heterogeneity); narrower arteriolar caliber accompanied prevalent CKD (OR 1.41, 1.09 to 1.82). Prospective caliber results were mixed, so the suggested screening role stays provisional.

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