Retinal imaging in Alzheimer’s disease

AI Generated Summary*

Review of noninvasive retinal imaging in Alzheimer's disease, covering optical coherence tomography, OCT angiography, fundus photography, dynamic vessel analysis and oximetry. Meta-analysis shows thinner peripapillary nerve fibre layer (standardised mean difference -0.67) and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (-0.46) in Alzheimer's dementia; the Rotterdam Study (n=3,289) reported a hazard ratio of 1.02 per 1 µm nerve fibre decrease for incident dementia. Vascular findings include lower fractal dimension, reduced capillary density, enlarged foveal avascular zone and choroidal thinning, though inconsistently. It argues retinal measures are not yet validated biomarkers and proposes a framework requiring defined clinical purpose, biomarker-confirmed diagnoses, accuracy statistics, ocular confounder control, reproducibility and cost-effectiveness, noting deep learning as a future direction.

*This summary was generated by AI and is published unedited. Oku does not alter these summaries. It may contain errors or omissions and is provided for general informational purposes only. Oku does not guarantee its accuracy, completeness, or reliability. For authoritative information, please refer to the original, peer-reviewed article.