Ophthalmic biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: a review

AI Generated Summary*

Wide-ranging review of ocular markers proposed for detecting Alzheimer's disease, covering 115 papers found through four databases and reference lists. Topics span tear proteomics, corneal nerve imaging by confocal microscopy, pupil responses, lens amyloid, retinal amyloid plaque imaging, nerve fiber layer thickness on OCT, retinal vascular measures including angiography, and visual function testing. Cited findings include a four-protein tear panel reaching 81% sensitivity and 77% specificity, superior quadrant nerve fiber thinning (76 versus 105 micrometres), and retinal venous flow reduced by 38.6%, while several OCT studies found no group differences. The authors note some evidence that only retinal amyloid deposits look Alzheimer's specific, call thinning non-specific, and urge large longitudinal studies in pre-symptomatic people.

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